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Friday 26 March 2010
Thursday 25 March 2010
Australian Convict Tortures.
Tools of Imperial Oppression |
The Iron Gangs were used for men who had committed major crimes. Such men were chained at the ankles and then chained to each other as they worked on the roads.
They were closely guarded and brutally disciplined by the army. Iron gangs built the roads between Sydney and Bathurst and Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales, and many of the roads in Van Daemon's Land.
The work of the iron gangs was hard and exhausting and rations were halved as part of the punishment.
Deep Transportation Shortly after the establishment of settlement in Sydney Cove, it became apparent that new penal settlements were required as places of secondary punishment for convicts who had committed further crimes after arriving in the colony. These new penal settlements were to be located away from existing settlements, and punishment was to be so severe that it would act as a deterrent, even though the average convict had no way of knowing what might have been happening due to the total lack of communications.
Most places of secondary punishment yielded tales of brutality, cruelty, and barbarism. They were effectively death camps. The Governor of NSW eventually ordered that the records be destroyed so as to conceal the true horror of what was being done form England, and thus prevent court-martials among his officer core.
Hanging was reserved for major crimes, such as murder and bushranging. But, in the first years of settlement in Sydney, when food supplies were extremely short, hanging was used to discourage the theft of food. In 1788, five men were hanged. Eight men and a woman were hanged in 1799.
Convict Cannibalism
http://www.sbs.com.au/films/article/single/8647/Guess-who's-coming-to-dinner?
Alexander Pearce, convict cannibal
Port Arthur convict settlement 1838 - only the worst were sent there.
The convict experience
In the mid-1830s only around six per cent of the convict population were 'locked up', the majority working for free settlers and the authorities around the nation. Even so, convicts were often subject to cruelties such as leg-irons and the lash. Places like Port Arthur or Norfolk Island were well known for this. Convicts sometimes shared deplorable conditions. One convict described the working thus:
'We have to work from 14-18 hours a day, sometimes up to our knees in cold water, 'til we are ready to sink with fatigue... The inhuman driver struck one, John Smith, with a heavy thong.'
The experience of these convicts is recorded through the first Australian folk songs written by convicts. Convict songs like Jim Jones, Van Diemen's Land, and Moreton Bay were often sad or critical. Convicts such as Francis Macnamara (known as 'Frankie the Poet') were flogged for composing original ballads with lines critical of their captors.
In addition to the physical demands of convict life, some convicts arrived without sufficient English to communicate easily with others:
By 1852, about 1,800 of the convicts had been sentenced in Wales. Many who were sent there could only speak Welsh, so as well as being exiled to a strange country they were unable to speak with most of their fellow convicts.
A new drama explores why Alexander Pearce became Australia's most infamous escapee, writes Paul Kalina.
AS GOTHIC stories of Australia's convicts are concerned, none is more horrific, bizarre or, pardon the pun, unpalatable than that of cannibal, convict and escape artist Alexander Pearce.
The brief version goes like this. Pearce, an Irish farm labourer, was transported to Van Diemen's Land in 1819 for the crime of stealing six pairs of shoes.
After repeated misdemeanours, he was sentenced to the notorious hellhole Sarah Island on the island's rugged west coast. There he was subjected to what would today be classified as torture.
Escape from Sarah Island was regarded as impossible and futile, yet Pearce and seven others succeeded.
They soon found themselves lost and exhausted in the wilderness. With no food to sustain them they resorted to killing and eating one of their own.
Eventually, only Pearce and Robert Greenhill, a former sailor, remained.
Remarkably, Pearce found his way to farming districts, spent several months on the lam, and was eventually found.
Recaptured, he confessed what happened in the bush. The magistrate, however, refused to believe his confession and Pearce was returned to Sarah Island to complete his sentence.
Once again, he escaped. This time he surrendered, but the evidence of murder and cannibalism was incontestable and Pearce was sentenced to hang.
Enter Father Philip Conolly, a Catholic priest who hailed from the same county in Ireland as Pearce. Conolly recorded Pearce's confessions (in Gaelic) and accompanied him to the gallows where, it seems (accounts vary), he made an impassioned speech condemning the harsh treatment of the prisoner. In another fitting twist in this cruel fable, Pearce's skull was cannibalised for medical research, eventually turning up in a museum in Massachusetts.
Back in its day, the story of Alexander Pearce generated sensational talk and speculation in the colony, England and the US. It later became enmeshed with the "penny dreadful" story of Sweeney Todd, the homicidal barber of 19th century London.
Even today many Tasmanians believe that the island's Pieman River was named after Pearce. (In fact it is named after Thomas Kent, a baker transported to Macquarie Harbour who was found near the mouth of the river after escaping.)
"The trouble with the story is you have one witness," says Ciaran McMenamin, the Irish actor who plays Pearce in the dramatised Irish-Australian co-production The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce. "So the first decision is what to make of his confession.
Transportation to the other British colonies
Van Diemen's Land
Charles Hutchkins, The penal settlement of Port Arthur, Van Dieman's [sic] Land, 1845, lithograph. Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia: nla.pic-an6820618.
The colony of Van Diemen's Land was established in its own right in 1825 and officially became known as Tasmania in 1856. In the 50 years from 1803-1853 around 75,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania. By 1835 there were over 800 convicts working in chain-gangs at the infamous Port Arthur penal station, which operated between 1830 and 1877.
Western Australia
Western Australia was established in 1827 and proclaimed a British penal settlement in 1849 with the first convicts arriving in 1850. Rottnest Island, off the coast of Perth, became the colony's convict settlement in 1838 and was used for local colonial offenders.
Just under 10,000 British convicts were sent directly to the colony in the 18 years to 1868. They were used by local settlers as labour to develop the region. On January 9, 1868, Australia's last convict ship, theHougoumont unloaded the final 269 convicts.
Victoria
In 1851 Victoria (Port Phillip District) separated from New South Wales. Apart from the early attempts at settlement, the only convicts sent directly to Victoria from Britain were about 1,750 convicts known as the 'Exiles'. They arrived between 1844 and 1849. They were also referred to as the 'Pentonvillians' because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison in England.
Queensland
In 1859 Queensland separated from New South Wales. In 1824, the penal colony at Redcliffe was established by Lieutenant John Oxley. Known as the Moreton Bay Settlement, it later moved to the site now called Brisbane.
The main inhabitants of 'Brisbane Town', as it was known, were the convicts of the Moreton Bay Penal Station until it was closed in 1839. Around 2,280 convicts were sent to the settlement in those fifteen years.
The abolition of transportation
Transportation to the colony of New South Wales was officially abolished on 1 October 1850, and in 1853 the order to abolish transportation to Van Diemen's Land was formally announced.
South Australia, and the Northern Territory of South Australia, never accepted convicts directly from England, but still had many ex-convicts from the other States. After they had been given limited freedom, many convicts were allowed to travel as far as New Zealand to make a fresh start, even if they were not allowed to return home to England.
At the time, there was also a great deal of pressure to abolish transportation. Given that only a small percentage of the convict population was locked up, many believed that transportation to Australia was an inappropriate punishment - that it did not deliver 'a just measure of pain'. This, combined with the employment needs of Australia's thriving population, ensured the abolition of convict transportation.
Convicts in film and television
The novel For the Term of his Natural Life by Marcus Clarke (1846-1881) is a story about a young man who is wrongly accused of murder and transported to Australia as a convict. A film based on the novel was directed and produced in 1927 by Norman Dawn. The novel was also adapted as a television serial in 1983.
The last confessions of Alexander Pearce (2008) is a one-hour television drama telling the 180-year-old story of the escaped cannibal convict Alexander Pearce. The story is centred on the colony's Catholic priest, who heard Pearce's confession after he was recaptured. The story was co-written by producer Nial Fulton and director Michael James Rowland.
Related sites
This is a comprehensive website which provides information on many convicts that came to A...
The Descendants of Convicts Group aims to educate members on matters pertaining to the con...
This site takes you back in years when Australia was in its youth, when convict labour for...
Fremantle Prison was built by convicts in the 1850s and was closed as a place of incarcera...
The Dead Persons' Society aims to promote an interest in genealogy via the internet (or bu...
Related Culture Portal Stories
- Bush songs and music
- Convict women in Port Jackson
- Colonial women
- Early bushrangers
- Early explorers
- European discovery and the colonisation of Australia
- Folklore
- Folk music
Useful links
First Fleet and early history
- Australian heritage photographic library
- The Founders of a Nation: Australia's First Fleet—1788—Cathy Dunn and Marion McCreadie
- First Fleet Online
- Law and justice
- A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay
- A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson
Heritage listed convict sites
- Brickendon Estate, Tasmania
- Cascades Female Factory, Hobart
- Coal Mines Historic Site, Tasman Peninsula
- Cockatoo Island, Sydney
- Commissariat Stores, Brisbane
- Darlington Probation Station, Maria Island
- Fremantle Prison, Western Australia
- Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney
- Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (KAVHA), Norfolk Island
- Old Government House and Government Domain, Parramatta
- Old Great North Road
- Port Arthur Historic Site, Tasmania
- Richmond Bridge, Tasmania
- Windmill Tower, Brisbane
- Woolmers Estate, Tasmania
Convicts
- Convict Life
- Convict Australia: Convict Life
- Convict tokens - National Museum of Australia
- Convict transportation registers 1787-1867 database
- Database of details on persons convicted in South Australian courts to transportation
- National Archives of Ireland: Transportation Records Database
- Norfolk Island
Convict women
- Convict Women and Sexual Subjugation in Nineteenth-Century Australia
- Disrupting the Boundaries: Resistance and Convict Women, by Joy Damousi
- The History of Female Prostitution in Australia, by Raelene Frances
Genealogy
- Claim a convict—A complete alphabetical listing of the convicts transported to New South Wales between 1793 and early 1800
- Convicts to Australia: A Guide to Researching Your Convict Ancestors
- Descendants of Convicts Group
- Internet Family History Association of Australia: Genealogy Course
- Family History: Convicts—State Library of New South Wales
Listen, look and play
- Convict Sydney, videos and articles. Historic Houses Trust.
- James Porter and the capture of the Frederick 2009, audio. ABC Radio.
- Fremantle Prison, video, 5 mins. Part of Australia's Heritage: National Treasures. Screen Australia.
Other resources
- Australia—Birth of a Nation 2006, DVD recording, On the Mark Film Productions
Convict ditties with sample tunes from the Australian Folk Songs website [archived]
Wednesday 24 March 2010
establishing a colony.
On 27 January 1788, the male convicts began to arrive and started to clear the trees, put up tents, unload stores and animals, and sow vegetable seeds and corn. On 6 February 1788, the female convicts arrived from Botany Bay and the colony was established.
Captain Phillip became the governor of the colony and began to establish permanent structures and farms. Huts, storehouses, a hospital and a church were built and a brick residence was constructed for the governor, called Government House. In November of 1788 a new settlement was founded at Parramatta, where the soil was more fertile. Another settlement was soon established at Toongabbie. Norfolk Island was also settled so that timber and flax (to make sails) from the island could be used in the new colony.The first years were very hard and the colony almost failed. The first harvest came to nothing and food had to be strictly rationed. Governor Phillip sent HMS Sirius to the Cape of Good Hope for more supplies. In June 1790, the Second Fleet arrived with more convicts and food supplies, and in 1791 the Third Fleet arrived. Food was still in short supply, but by 1792 the colony was well-established. Trading ships were starting to visit Sydney and the whaling industry had begun. Sheep were being imported to grow wool, and released convicts were taking up farming. The colony of New South Wales was starting to grow.
Convict women in Port Jackson
In 1788 the First Fleet landed at Camp Cove in Port Jackson with the 'cargo' of convicts which helped establish the penal colony of New South Wales. One in five of the convicts to arrive in the penal colony (1788-1823) was female and they made up the largest group of female colonists in Port Jackson.The typical convict woman was in her twenties. She was from England or Ireland and had been convicted of robbery - sentenced for seven years as punishment for her crime. She was single and could read but not write. Many convict women were first offenders and given sentences of transportation for crimes that were quite minor, such as pick pocketing, shoplifting or prostitution.
CAPTION: This set of figures includes a number of fish, a trail of wallabies (small kangaroos), a man and a woman. The man has been initiated, as he is shown wearing a belt around his waist.
Initiation was deliberately a fearful experience, but it was worth it for the young boys. At the end, you were a man, and able to see the rich art culture of the tribe. You could pass the culture, the legends, the hunting traditions of the tribe, on to the next generation. Today, we only have to know where to look for engravings, and we can go to see them. After next week, there will be a few more who know where and how to look. And I will have repaid another small part of my debt to the man who introduced me to this hunting tradition in my early teens.
http://members.ozemail.com.au/~macinnis@ozemail.com.au/engravng.htm
It would not be an exaggeration to claim that the Island continent was owned by over 400 different nations at the time of this claim by Cook. When the first fleet arrived in Sydney Cove it is said that Captain Philip was astounded with the theory of Cook's terra nullius, saying "Sailing up into Sydney cove we could see natives lining the shore shaking spears and yelling."
The region around Sydney Cove was not uninhabited or unoccupied, as the British had declared. Its land belonged to the Eora and Dharug peoples. When the Union Jack was raised on 26 January 1788, all Indigenous land had been declared British territory. In addition, all Indigenous people had been made British subjects and would be expected to obey the laws of Great Britain. This was despite the fact that Indigenous people had their own laws, considered the land an essential part of their lives; and had their own families, clans and language groups.
The arrival of the British was the start of a process which resulted in Indigenous groups losing their land, their hunting grounds and their way of life. Contact with the British brought diseases such as smallpox that Indigenous peoples had never known before. These diseases killed thousands and thousands of Indigenous people. There was also competition between the British and Indigenous peoples for clean water and food. The British settlers cut down trees, destroyed sacred sites, stole weapons and rapidly extended their control of the land.The British settlement of Australia has become known as the European invasion of Australia. In the following chapters the effects of the British colonisation on the Indigenous peoples will be explored. Read on: http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-56_u-477_t-1302_c-5006/WA/8/The-First-Fleet-the-process-of-colonisation/The-arrival-of-the-British/Colonisation-and-conflict-Australia/SOSE-History/
http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/firstfleet.htm
"First Fleet resources on the Internet"http://www.newcastle.edu.au/service/archives/chrp/1821-1840.html http://www.pcug.org.au/~pdownes/dps/1stflt.htm - First Fleet 1788 http://yarra.vicnet.net.au/~firstff/list.htm - The Provisions Carried by the First Fleet http://home.vicnet.net.au/~firstff/welcome.htm First Fleet Fellowship - Ships and Voyage, Pictures and history of the ships of the First Fleet, and how to become a member if your ancestors arrived on the First Fleet.
Genealogical Societies with special First Fleet interests. Fellowship of First Fleeters. 105 Cathedral St.,Woolloomooloo, Sydney, NSW 2011 Australia Phone: (02) 9360 3788. ( genealog. records http://www.rootsweb.com/~ausnsw/resources.htm
The 1788-1820 Pioneer Association P.O. Box 57, Croydon, NSW 2132 Australia Phone (02) 9797 8107
Descendants of Convicts Group. P.O. Box 12224, A'Beckett St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
First Fleet Fellowship Vic Inc. http://home.vicnet.net.au/~firstff/
First Fleet Fellowship C/- Polly Woodside Maritime Park Lorimer Street East Southbank Victoria 3000 Australia Ph: (03) 9370 9590
Further Readings. This is only a small collection of publications that are available on the First Fleet. "The Convict Ships" by Charles Bateson. "The Crimes of the First Fleet Convicts" by J. Cobley, Sydney, 1970. "Sydney Cove Series (Volumes 1788 - 1800)" by J Cobley. "The Search for John Small First Fleeter" by Mollie Gillen, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1985. "Governor Hunters Assignment Report 1798" by Cathy Dunn., Milton NSW, 1995. "The Fatal Shore" by Robert Hughes, Collins and Pan books, Suffolk, 1988. "Australia's Founding Mothers" by Helen Heney. "The Sirius Letters: The Complete Letters of Newton Fowell, midshipman and Lieutenant aboard the Sirius, Flagship of the First Fleet on its voyage to New South Wales" edited Nance Irvine, Sydney 1988. "A First Fleet Index" by H.R. White, Brisbane 1943. John Small & Mary Parker First Fleet - Mailing list ... also look up First Fleet Australia for a good number of sites. Ric: cwok66@hotmail.com
Monday 22 March 2010
Daisy Bates.
free university lectures online
braz
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.............................Boer war (Sth African) War Memorial1940 Australian troops in the desert.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGhRQTPZYHQ&feature=video_response
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see this acrobat girl video. she is the best!
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Tie me kangaroo down on the barbie.When he stops jumping, the steaks's ready.
Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport - Sang by Rolf Harris 02:59
1. Wheel Hoss 2. Cluck Old Hen 3. RoundHouse 4. Dixie Hoedown | 09. Little Maggie 10. Feeling Low 11. Bluegrass Breakdown 12. Jerusalem Ridge |
( You did a good job, gr gr gr gr grandma, and grandpa)
above: Braidwood, N.S.W. where my father Hector Williams was born
in Feb, 1909.
'Ric W
illiams, blog editor.
Welcome. Give your considered opinion, ideas , stories, photos etc about early pioneer Australia.. 'Ric Williams
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- tubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=159UzAx-Cw Aboriginal children singing.
Do you know?
Pub With No Beer - Slim Dusty 03:29
- The song made famous by the late Slim Dusty, was first written in the original Day Dawn Hotel in Ingham in north Queensland in 1943, by an Irish cane cutter Dan Sheahan, after some American soldiers drank the pub dry the previous night. > >
The Sirius - the Sailing Ship Captain Arthur Phillip Travelled in to Australia.
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Australian Outback .
"Long before it's in the papers" RETURN TO THE WORLD SCIENCE HOME PAGE Move elephants into Australia, scientist proposes Feb. 1, 2012 Australia may need an infusion of elephants and other large mammals to solve its persistent ecological and wildfire problems, a scientist proposes. |
- Australian Outback I: the Red Centre.
- Australian Outback II: the North West.
- Australia Outback III: the North West after the wet season.
- Coober Pedy: as dry as it gets.
- Australian Deserts
- Alice Springs Area
- Ayers Rock/Uluru
- Kakadu National Park
- Katherine Gorge
- The Kimberley Region
- Boabs
- Outback Australia Beaches: and you thought the Outback is all about deserts...
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The view west from Geilston Bay.Tas.July, 2010..click to enlarge.
very top...Painting of original first fleet leaving England in 1787 (Jonathan King)
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first fleet links
first fleet rio de janeiro | first fleet convicts australia | first fleet 1787 | lady penrhyn first fleet |
hms sirius first f HMS Sirius, the main Naval ship with the First Fleet, under Captain John Hunter RN. Australian History resourcesl | first fleet settlers | scarborough first fleet | first fleet aborigines ANN MARSH by Judy Williams, a descendant. |
http://www.members.optusnet.com.au/~aashmore , http://www.freewebs.com/daone89/index.htm William Nash came to Australia as a Marine with the First Fleet 1788 | |
6 Children | 1. William Nash born on 25 May 1788, buried on Friday 19th June 1789, a marine's child. 2. John Nash baptised 15 Jan 1792 (a family source names him William) 3. Mary Nash born 2 March 1793 and baptised 2 April 4. William Nash born 27 March 1795 and baptised 4 May 5. George Nash born 26 July 1797 6. Sarah Nash was born 16 Nov 1798 |
6. Sarah Nash 16 Nov 1798 wed on the 15th January 1814 at St John's, Parramatta, to John Williams (a convict), 13 children |
Bill Mayer. Screw Democracy.
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EMAIL: cwok.williams6@gmail.com
(below:) Convicts on way to 14 years penal servitude in Botany Bay. England's loss was Australia's gain. Most had committed crimes that would get them now only a fine.
Wallace Street and Corner Store, Braidwood |
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- Don't take your love to town, by Ruby Langford Ginibi.
John Kerswell: A Welsh plasterer transported in 1828 at the age of 20 years to 15 years for stealing. Absconding four times and charged with being drunk three times, granted ToL in 1856 and Conditional Pardon in 1857. However, he received 20 years imprisonment for attempting to stab a policeman. He was released from Port Arthur in 1875.
William Forster: At age 17 years was transported for ten years for stealing a box writing desk. Misdemeanour followed misdemeanour and sentence added to sentence until in 1864 he was sentnenced to life for robbery under arms. The last mention of him is in 1872 when he was sent to the Separate Prison for misconduct.
Alexander Woods: A soldier with the 17th Regiment, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Woods (aged 30) was transported from Canada to Port Arthur for 14 years for desertion.
Returned to Hobart with a ToL in 1853 but returned to PA again in 1865 for 15 years for burglary. He was a church attendant in 1869 and was discharged in 1875.
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u tube Australia.
Gropecunt Lane
Gropecunt Lane was a name used in Oxford, London and other Englishtowns and cities in the Middle Ages for streets where prostitutes conducted their business. The name derives from cunt, the Middle English term forfemale genitalia, and the act of groping. There was also a Gropecunt Lane inDublin, Ireland near where the Savoy Cinema is now. Later sensibilities changed many names of streets bearing this name to more polite variations.In London, the street that was Gropecunt Lane was near the present-day site of the Barbican Centre in the City of London. The street was called Grub Street in the 18th century, but renamed Milton Street in 1830 . Another street with a similar history in Southwark is Horselydown Lane ("whores lie down"), which is just to the south of Tower Bridge, and was also the site of the famousAnchor Brewhouse.
first Australians
First
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A newdocumentary
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First Australians
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They start life’s race with a handicap
Sydney Downtown You Tube.
Short history of Australia
ow ya goin' mate? Orright, eh?Ric Williams, blog editor.
Welcome. Give your considered opinion , ideas , stories, photos etc about early pioneer Australia.. Ric Williams
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Ric Williams, blog editor.
Welcome. Give your considered opinion , ideas , stories, photos etc about early pioneer Australia.. Ric Williams
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Early Probate Records, NSW State Records: Web link
Australian Jewish Genealogical Society
First Fleet online (UOW)
Old Sydney Burial Ground
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1804 Battle of Vinegar Hill Memorial
Irish Convicts to New South Wales 1791-1834
NSW Death records
Early Australian Colonial History
Facebook - Early Colony history of NSW and Norfolk Island 1788 - 1820
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- "They shipped us out for England's good." Thank goodness. (2)
- 2 views near park and church I know wel (Ric) (1)
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View of Harbour...Cassis France.
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(Stanley Kubrick, 1962).
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We come in Third with Williams.
Williams
is a patronymic form of the name William that originated in medieval England[2] and later came to be extremely popular in Wales. The meaning is derived from son or descendant of Guillemin, the French form of William. Derived from an Old French given name with Germanicelements; will = desire, will; and helm = helmet, protection.[3] It is the second most common surname in Wales and the third most common surname in the whole of the United Kingdom, the third most common in the United States of America and Australia and the fifth most common inNew Zealand.[4]Old Harry Williams was asked how was it that the long list of Williams lead by far those of Nash over the last couple of hundred years.
"Well, let's see.Them Nashes they was more posh and they kept the family bible, so we lot had nothing to read at night.There was no T.V. in them days, and we didn't want to waste candles, so we used to all jump in bed together and make more Williams's."
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Statistics are drawn from Australian government records of 2007.[1]
NASH 4487personshave name Nash in Australia
# | Name | Number of people |
---|---|---|
1 | Smith | 114,997 |
2 | Jones | 56,698 |
3 | Williams | 55,555 |
Australia. The first fleet sailed from England in 1787 carrying marine William Nash and his common law wife Maria Haynes. They were the progenitors of an extensive Nash family in Australia. Another early settler was Andrew Nash. He had acquired the Woolpack Inn in Parramatta in 1821 and became well-known for the prowess of his racehorses. A later settler from Wiltshire was James Nash. He discovered gold along the Mary river in Queenland and helped precipitate the second Australian gold rush.
There were also Nash convicts in Australia. Some thrived; Robert Nash, transported on the Albemarle in 1791; John Nash on the Eleanor in 1831; and Michael Nash from Limerick, on the Rodney in 1851.
final scene gallipoli
You are not just you.
Physics of the Impossible - by Michio Kaku.PDF 2981K View Download |
Videos for physics of the impossible...michio kaku
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Neither here nor there.
world population
world time and weather
Wild man of North Australia.
Toonoom Falls
Situated in the heart of Royal National Park to the south of Sydney, Toonoum Falls is a pretty, 5 metre high waterfall alongside Sir Bertram Steven Drive not far from the Garie turnoff. The photo shows the falls in flood.
Location: Royal National Park.
Aussie Little Nasties.
Lecture on Charles Darwin
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http://www.coraweb.com.au/local.htm
HMS Sirius, the main Naval ship with the First Fleet, under Captain John Hunter RN.
Had been built in 1780 as Berwick for the East Indies run, badly burned in a fire, and rebuilt by Navy, renamed Sirius, finally wrecked off Norfolk Island on the 14th. of April 1790.
*The Australian Lyre Bird is the world's best imitator; able to mimic the calls of 15 different species of birds in their locality and string the calls into a melody. Also been known to mimic the sound mobile phones.
*The echidna is such a unique animal that it is classified in a special class of mammals known asmonotremes, which it shares only with the platypus. The echidna lays eggs like a duck but suckles its young in a pouch like a kangaroo. For no apparent reason, it may decide to conserve energy by dropping its body temperature to 4 degrees and remain at that temperature from 4 to 120 days. Lab experiments have shown that the echidna is more intelligent that a cat and it has been seen using its spikes, feet and beaks to climb up crevices like a mountaineer edging up a rock chimney.
*Purple wallaby - The Purple-neck Rock Wallaby [Petrogale Purpureicollis], inhabits the Mt Isa region in Northwest Queensland. The Wallaby secretes a dye that transforms its face and neck into colours ranging from light pink to bright purple.
*The Fierce Snake or Inland Taipan has the most toxic venom of any snake. Maximum yield recorded (for one bite) is 110mg. That would probably be enough to kill over 100 people or 250,000 mice.
*The Wombat deposits square poos on logs, rocks and even upright sticks that it uses tomark its territory.
*A 10kg Tasmanian Devil is able to exert the same biting pressure as a 40kg dog. It can also eat almost a third of its body weight in a single feeding.
*Australia is the smallest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent in the world. It is the only country which is also a whole continent.
*Over 90% of Australia is dry, flat and arid. Almost three-quarters of the land cannot support agriculture in any form.
*A baby kangaroo at the time of its birth measures 2 centimetres.
birth of joey http://zzz262.multiply.com/video/item/1831
*Kangaroos need very little water to survive and are capable of going for months without drinking at all. When they do need water, they dig 'wells' for themselves; frequently going as deep as three or four feet. These 'kangaroo pits' are a common source of water for other animals living in the kangaroo's environment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1GxAPXrUCQ
Kangaroo attacks dog, man. ^
*A kangaroo being chased by a dog may jump into a dam. If the dog gives chase, the kangaroo may turn towards the dog, then use its paws to push the dogs head underwater in order to drown it.
*Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason.
*A monotreme is a animal that lays eggs and suckles its young. The world's only monotremes are the platypus and the echidna.
*The male platypus has a poisonous spine that can kill a dog and inflict immense pain on a human.
*When a specimen of the platypus was first sent to England, it was believed the Australians had played a joke by sewing the bill of a duck onto a rat.
*Box Jelly fish - The box jellyfish is considered the world's most venomous marine creature. The box jellyfish has killed more people in Australia than stonefish, sharks and crocodiles combined.
*The Sydney Funnelweb spider is considered the world's most deadly spider. It is the only spider that has killed people in less than 2 hours. Its fangs are powerful enough to bite through gloves and fingernails. The only animals without immunity to the funnelweb's venom are humans and monkeys.
*Lung fish - Queensland is home to lung fish, a living fossil from the Triassic period 350 million years ago.
u tube Australia.
Convicts
*It is estimated that by the time transportation ended in 1868, 40 per cent of Australia's English-speaking population were convicts.*A census taken in 1828 found that half the population of NSW were Convicts, and that former Convicts made up nearly half of the free population.
*In 2007, it was estimated that 22 per cent of living Australians had a convict ancestor.
*Convicts were not sent to Australia for serious crimes. Serious crimes, such as murder, rape, or impersonating an Egyptian were given the death sentence in England.
*Crimes punishable by transportation included recommending that politicians get paid, starting a union, stealing fish from a river or pond, embezzlement, receiving or buying stolen goods, setting fire to underwood, petty theft, or being suspected of supporting Irish terrorism.
* Alcohol- It has been reported that the first European settlers in Australia drank more alcohol per head of population than any other community in the history of mankind.
* Police force - Australia's first police force was a band of 12 of the most well behaved Convicts.
* Mass moonings - In 1832, 300 female Convicts at the Cascade Female Factory mooned the Governor of Tasmania during a chapel service. It was said that in a "rare moment of collusion with the Convict women, the ladies in the Governor's party could not control their laughter.
The arrival of the Lady Juliana at Sydney Cove.
The arrival of the Lady Juliana at Sydney Cove. |
Ann Marsh managing her company, the Parramatta River Boat Service. |
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God & the Origin of Life: Myth of the Organic ... Uploaded by OriginofLifeFinal video.google.com |
Origin of Life 1. Life Came From Other Planets ... Uploaded by Sarastarlight youtube.com |
History of Australia in brief.
George Carlin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=CA&v=B6AZvtUEQS0
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