"Gibbit baccy, boss!"
Indigenous children 'used as guinea pigs'click
SOME Stolen Generations children were used in medical experiments, a senate inquiry has been told. see story.
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Colour coding relates to topographic height, with dark green at lower elevations, rising through yellow and tan, to white at the highest points.
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Old time Shearing Shed. There are more sheep in Australia than people. And many of them have more sense.
http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/asp/photosearch/subject_search.asp?S
Chain Letters: Narrating Convict Lives
Raising the flag of possession.
This meant that putting up a flag and sending a volley of musket-shots took all Australia for mad King George of England, a German born King who could hardly speak English.
Unlike the Dutch settlers on Manhattan Id, no beads or wampum were offered the aborigines in exchange for this vast land.
http://members.tadaust.org.au/bobcutter/resources/ao.html
Australian resources.
http://gutenberg.net.au/ausdisc/ausdisc00-index.html
 |
http://members.pcug.org.au/~ppmay/austlinks.htmIrish in Australia.
..http://members.ozemail.com.au/~slacey/british_colonisation.htm
British Colonialisation of Australia.
http://www.muffley.net/pacific/dutch/ozlandbr.htm
Early Dutch Explorers.
Perry-Castaneda Library. Map of Australia and the Pacific (Many good maps.Look it up.)
Australia on the Map(below)
http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/content/view/14/47/
..http://members.ozemail.com.au/~slacey/british_colonisation.htm
British Colonialisation of Australia.
http://www.muffley.net/pacific/dutch/ozlandbr.htm
Early Dutch Explorers.
Perry-Castaneda Library. Map of Australia and the Pacific (Many good maps.Look it up.)
Australia on the Map(below)
http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/content/view/14/47/
...Charles Lyte writing on Sir Joseph Banks states that little clothing had been let for the women convicts when the ships did sail, and there was no small arms ammunition for the marines and their officers, who had to bluff the convicts (500-odd all rebellious and resentful) until Rio De Janeiro where Phillip was able to buy 10,000 musket balls. Before he left England, Phillip complained that five dozen razors and six scythes were hardly sufficient, and, (wrote Lyte) there was a powerful lobby in Britain trying to scuttle the idea of a penal settlement... they conjured up visions of a nest of pirates preying on shipping in the South Seas and the Far East.
http://gutenberg.net.au/first-fleet.html
http://www.danbyrnes.com.au/blackheath/thebc35.htm..
...
BY JUNE 1790 WHEN THE SECOND FLEET ARRIVED AT PORT JACKSON, THE PEOPLE OF THE FIRST FLEET WERE FACING STARVATION. THEY WERE BEGINNING TO FEEL ABANDONED BY BRITAIN AND THE SIGHT OF THE SECOND FLEET BOUGHT RELIEF. THEIR FOOD-STOCKS HAD RUN OUT, SOME OF THE LIVESTOCK HAD RUN OFF AND THE CROPS HAD NOT BEEN AS SUCCESSFUL AS HAD BEEN ANTICIPATED, BUT THE PEOPLE LINING THE SHORES TO WATCH THE OFF-LOADING OF THE SHIPS WERE
SHOCKED BY WHAT THEY WITNESSED. UPON BEING BROUGHT UP TO OPEN AIR SOME PEOPLE FAINTED, SOME DIED ON THE DECKS AND OTHERS DIED ON THE BOATS BRINGING THEM TO SHORE. THESE WERE THE TERRIBLE IMAGES THAT THE PEOPLE LINING THE SHORE SAW.
THE FIRST FLEET HAD SAILED UNDER NAVAL SUPERVISION, THE SECOND FLEET HAD BEEN OPERATED BY PRIVATE TRADERS. THE LONDON COMPANY OF "CAMDEN, CALVERT AND KING WERE FORMER SLAVE TRADERS, THEY WERE PAID BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT £17 10S 6D FOR EACH CONVICT,WHETHER THEY MADE IT TO AUSTRALIA OR NOT. THE CONDITIONS ABOARD THE SHIPS WERE APPALLING. THEY LEAKED IN BOTH CALM AND ROUGH SEAS, MAKING IT IMPOSSIBLE TO KEEP DRY, SOME PEOPLE WERE SAID TO HAVE SPENT DAYS WAIST DEEP IN WATER. THE CONVICTS HAD BEEN KEPT IN CHAINS IN CRAMPED CONDITIONS. THEY RECEIVED INADEQUATE EXERCISE AND NO FRESH AIR REACHED THEIR HOLDS. FOOD WAS PITIFUL AND PEOPLE WERE STARVED. IF SOME-ONE WAS CHAINED NEXT TO A DEAD PERSON THEY WOULD KEPT QUIET ABOUT THE DEATH FOR AS LONG AS POSSIBLE SO AS TO GET THE DEAD PERSON'S FOOD RATIONS. THERE WAS NO ESCAPE FROM THE LICE OR HUMAN WASTE.
NO WONDER NEARLY ONE QUARTER OF THE ONE THOUSAND CONVICTS DIED DURING THE JOURNEY, AND MANY MORE DIED WHEN THEY HAD REACHED AUSTRALIA, UP TO 12 EACH DAY AT ONE STAGE.
PHILLIP DESCRIBED IT AS "MURDER ON THE HIGH SEAS". HE WROTE AN OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE CONDITIONS OF THE PRISONERS ON THEIR ARRIVAL TO AUSTRALIA, THIS REPORT WAS TOO LATE FOR THE THIRD FLEET THAT WAS ALREADY ON ITS WAY, BUT FROM THEN ONWARDS MODIFICATIONS WERE MADE. SHIPOWNERS WERE NOW ONLY PAID IN FULL WHEN THE CONVICTS REACHED
AUSTRALIA SAFELY. SURGEONS WERE APPOINTED TO EACH SHIP, PRISONERS WERE
ENCOURAGED TO USE THE TIME TO LEARN TO READ AND WRITE AND TO EXCERCISE. EVEN SO AS LATE AS 1868 A CONVICT REPORTED THAT DURING THE VOYAGE WATER WAS SCARCE AND THEY WERE PACKED SO TIGHTLY THAT MOMENT WAS IMPOSSIBLE.
ONCE THE CONVICTS REACHED AUSTRALIA THEIR FATE WAS ALMOST IN THEIR OWN HANDS. IF THEY HAD A SKILL SUCH AS CARPENTRY THEY WOULD BE GIVEN A PAID POSITION. UP UNTIL 1819 GOVERNMENT CONVICTS HAD TO FIND THEIR OWN LODGINGS. THE CONVICTS WORKED 6 DAYS A WEEK WEEKDAYS FROM DAWN TILL 3PM AND ON SATURDAYS TILL 12PM, THEY WERE NOT PAID FOR THIS WORK.
IN ORDER TO SURVIVE IT WAS NECESSARY FROM THEM TO FIND PAID WORK OUT OF HOURS TO PAY FOR THEIR LODGINGS.
THE FEMALE CONVICTS WERE NORMALLY SENT TO THE "FEMALE FACTORY" WHICH WAS BASED AT PARRAMATTA. THE WOMEN WERE SET TO WORK WASHING AND MAKING CLOTHES, BUT NOT ALL WOMEN COULD BE SENT TO THE FACTORY AND THOSE WOMEN WERE FORCED TO FIND LODGINGS. IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT MOST OF THESE WOMEN TURNED TO PROSTITUTION AS THE WAY TO EARN TO NEEDED MONEY.
SOME CONVICTS WORKED IN CHAIN GANGS , IT WAS HARD LABOUR
AND THEY WERE KEPT UNDER STRICT SUPERVISION. THEY BUILT THE ROADS AND WORKED BREAKING THE STONES NEEDED FOR BUILDING. THOSE CONVICTS ASSIGNED TO CHAIN GANGS WERE NORMALLY THE MORE HARDENED CRIMINALS.
CONVICTS THAT RE-OFFENDED WERE SENT TO PLACES OF SECONDARY PUNISHMENT SUCH AS NORFOLK ISLAND AND PORT ARTHUR. THESE PLACES WERE LIKE A "HELL". PUNISHMENT WAS SEVERE.
IN 1793 THE FIRST FREE SETTLERS CAME TO SETTLE IN AUSTRALIA. MANY CONVICTS WERE NOW ASSIGNED TO WORK WITH THE NEW SETTLERS. ONCE THEY WERE ASSIGNED TO A SETTLER THE WORK THAT THEY DID VARIED. SOME WORKED AS LABOURERS, OTHER AS DOMESTICS AND SOME WERE EVEN MISTRESSES, THESE CONVICTS WERE CLASSED AS "ASSIGNED CONVICTS"
CONVICTS THAT SERVED THEIR TIME WERE CALLED "EXPIRES". THEY COULD NOW SET UP A BUSINESS OR A FARM. "TICKET OF LEAVE"; APPLIED TO CONVICTS WHO HAD BEEN PLACED ON GOOD BEHAVIOUR BONDS, THEY TOO COULD SET UP A FARM OR BUSINESS. A PERSON THAT HAD BEEN GIVEN A PARDON WAS CALLED AN "EMANCIPIST" THEY HAD THE SAME RIGHTS AS BOTH THE "EXPIRE" OR ";TICKET OF LEAVE", BUT THEY WERE ALSO ALLOWED TO RETURN TO BRITAIN.(but few ever made it back.)
**
http://gutenberg.net.au/first-fleet.html
http://www.danbyrnes.com.au/blackheath/thebc35.htm..
...
BY JUNE 1790 WHEN THE SECOND FLEET ARRIVED AT PORT JACKSON, THE PEOPLE OF THE FIRST FLEET WERE FACING STARVATION. THEY WERE BEGINNING TO FEEL ABANDONED BY BRITAIN AND THE SIGHT OF THE SECOND FLEET BOUGHT RELIEF. THEIR FOOD-STOCKS HAD RUN OUT, SOME OF THE LIVESTOCK HAD RUN OFF AND THE CROPS HAD NOT BEEN AS SUCCESSFUL AS HAD BEEN ANTICIPATED, BUT THE PEOPLE LINING THE SHORES TO WATCH THE OFF-LOADING OF THE SHIPS WERE
SHOCKED BY WHAT THEY WITNESSED. UPON BEING BROUGHT UP TO OPEN AIR SOME PEOPLE FAINTED, SOME DIED ON THE DECKS AND OTHERS DIED ON THE BOATS BRINGING THEM TO SHORE. THESE WERE THE TERRIBLE IMAGES THAT THE PEOPLE LINING THE SHORE SAW.
THE FIRST FLEET HAD SAILED UNDER NAVAL SUPERVISION, THE SECOND FLEET HAD BEEN OPERATED BY PRIVATE TRADERS. THE LONDON COMPANY OF "CAMDEN, CALVERT AND KING WERE FORMER SLAVE TRADERS, THEY WERE PAID BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT £17 10S 6D FOR EACH CONVICT,WHETHER THEY MADE IT TO AUSTRALIA OR NOT. THE CONDITIONS ABOARD THE SHIPS WERE APPALLING. THEY LEAKED IN BOTH CALM AND ROUGH SEAS, MAKING IT IMPOSSIBLE TO KEEP DRY, SOME PEOPLE WERE SAID TO HAVE SPENT DAYS WAIST DEEP IN WATER. THE CONVICTS HAD BEEN KEPT IN CHAINS IN CRAMPED CONDITIONS. THEY RECEIVED INADEQUATE EXERCISE AND NO FRESH AIR REACHED THEIR HOLDS. FOOD WAS PITIFUL AND PEOPLE WERE STARVED. IF SOME-ONE WAS CHAINED NEXT TO A DEAD PERSON THEY WOULD KEPT QUIET ABOUT THE DEATH FOR AS LONG AS POSSIBLE SO AS TO GET THE DEAD PERSON'S FOOD RATIONS. THERE WAS NO ESCAPE FROM THE LICE OR HUMAN WASTE.
NO WONDER NEARLY ONE QUARTER OF THE ONE THOUSAND CONVICTS DIED DURING THE JOURNEY, AND MANY MORE DIED WHEN THEY HAD REACHED AUSTRALIA, UP TO 12 EACH DAY AT ONE STAGE.
PHILLIP DESCRIBED IT AS "MURDER ON THE HIGH SEAS". HE WROTE AN OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE CONDITIONS OF THE PRISONERS ON THEIR ARRIVAL TO AUSTRALIA, THIS REPORT WAS TOO LATE FOR THE THIRD FLEET THAT WAS ALREADY ON ITS WAY, BUT FROM THEN ONWARDS MODIFICATIONS WERE MADE. SHIPOWNERS WERE NOW ONLY PAID IN FULL WHEN THE CONVICTS REACHED
AUSTRALIA SAFELY. SURGEONS WERE APPOINTED TO EACH SHIP, PRISONERS WERE
ENCOURAGED TO USE THE TIME TO LEARN TO READ AND WRITE AND TO EXCERCISE. EVEN SO AS LATE AS 1868 A CONVICT REPORTED THAT DURING THE VOYAGE WATER WAS SCARCE AND THEY WERE PACKED SO TIGHTLY THAT MOMENT WAS IMPOSSIBLE.
ONCE THE CONVICTS REACHED AUSTRALIA THEIR FATE WAS ALMOST IN THEIR OWN HANDS. IF THEY HAD A SKILL SUCH AS CARPENTRY THEY WOULD BE GIVEN A PAID POSITION. UP UNTIL 1819 GOVERNMENT CONVICTS HAD TO FIND THEIR OWN LODGINGS. THE CONVICTS WORKED 6 DAYS A WEEK WEEKDAYS FROM DAWN TILL 3PM AND ON SATURDAYS TILL 12PM, THEY WERE NOT PAID FOR THIS WORK.
IN ORDER TO SURVIVE IT WAS NECESSARY FROM THEM TO FIND PAID WORK OUT OF HOURS TO PAY FOR THEIR LODGINGS.
THE FEMALE CONVICTS WERE NORMALLY SENT TO THE "FEMALE FACTORY" WHICH WAS BASED AT PARRAMATTA. THE WOMEN WERE SET TO WORK WASHING AND MAKING CLOTHES, BUT NOT ALL WOMEN COULD BE SENT TO THE FACTORY AND THOSE WOMEN WERE FORCED TO FIND LODGINGS. IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT MOST OF THESE WOMEN TURNED TO PROSTITUTION AS THE WAY TO EARN TO NEEDED MONEY.
SOME CONVICTS WORKED IN CHAIN GANGS , IT WAS HARD LABOUR
AND THEY WERE KEPT UNDER STRICT SUPERVISION. THEY BUILT THE ROADS AND WORKED BREAKING THE STONES NEEDED FOR BUILDING. THOSE CONVICTS ASSIGNED TO CHAIN GANGS WERE NORMALLY THE MORE HARDENED CRIMINALS.
CONVICTS THAT RE-OFFENDED WERE SENT TO PLACES OF SECONDARY PUNISHMENT SUCH AS NORFOLK ISLAND AND PORT ARTHUR. THESE PLACES WERE LIKE A "HELL". PUNISHMENT WAS SEVERE.
IN 1793 THE FIRST FREE SETTLERS CAME TO SETTLE IN AUSTRALIA. MANY CONVICTS WERE NOW ASSIGNED TO WORK WITH THE NEW SETTLERS. ONCE THEY WERE ASSIGNED TO A SETTLER THE WORK THAT THEY DID VARIED. SOME WORKED AS LABOURERS, OTHER AS DOMESTICS AND SOME WERE EVEN MISTRESSES, THESE CONVICTS WERE CLASSED AS "ASSIGNED CONVICTS"
CONVICTS THAT SERVED THEIR TIME WERE CALLED "EXPIRES". THEY COULD NOW SET UP A BUSINESS OR A FARM. "TICKET OF LEAVE"; APPLIED TO CONVICTS WHO HAD BEEN PLACED ON GOOD BEHAVIOUR BONDS, THEY TOO COULD SET UP A FARM OR BUSINESS. A PERSON THAT HAD BEEN GIVEN A PARDON WAS CALLED AN "EMANCIPIST" THEY HAD THE SAME RIGHTS AS BOTH THE "EXPIRE" OR ";TICKET OF LEAVE", BUT THEY WERE ALSO ALLOWED TO RETURN TO BRITAIN.(but few ever made it back.)
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1 comment:
Really good blog. Wonderful work collecting this art.
I linked to this blog.
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